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整数8bit(LDR)の場合 10 * log 256 ≒ 24 (dB) もし素の16bit整数があったとしたら 10*log 65536 ≒ 48.2 dB FP16 仮数部10bit、指数部5bit、符号あり(s10e5) 2^10 * 2^32 (normalize数の範囲の場合、denormalizeを含めるなら 2^11 * 2^32) もっと正確にはinfとnanのケースを除外しないといけないので 2^10 * 2^30 デシベルに直すと 10*log(2^10 * 2^30) ≒ 120.4(dB) FP10 仮数部7bitで指数部が3bit、符号なし(7e3) FP10は符号なしでなんか特殊っぽいのでinfとnanの扱いがよくわからないので2通り書くと 10*log(2^7 * 2^6) ≒ 39.1(dB) 10*log(2^7 * 2^8) ≒ 45.2(dB) RGBM 10*log(2^8 * 2^8) ≒ 48.2 dB (16bit整数と同じ) RGBE 10*log(2^8 * 2^256) ≒ 794.7 dB LogLuv 10*log(2^8 * 2^256) ≒ 794.7 dB 参考リンク集 LogLuv http //realtimecollisiondetection.net/blog/?p=15 RGBE http //www.gamedev.net/reference/articles/article2208.asp RGBM http //graphicrants.blogspot.com/2009/04/rgbm-color-encoding.html
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PER ... Percy, Carol. 2018. "Interview with Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade". Journal of English Linguistics 46(4) 320-42. Percy, Carol. 2017. "The English Language", in Samuel Richardson in Context, ed. Peter Sabor Betty Schellenberg, pp. 170-177. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. Percy, Carol. 2017. "Researching World Englishes in HEL Courses Newspapers, Neologisms, and Novels", in Approaches to Teaching the History of the English Language Pedagogy and Practice, ed. Mary Hayes Allison Burkette. Oxford Oxford University Press. Percy, Carol. 2016[2017]. "Fixing English in British India Baptist Missionary Perspectives in Bengal to 1835". Textus English Studies in Italy 3 81-112. Percy, Carol. 2016. "'Nice' Grammarians Making Distinctions of Class, Character and Gender in Women’s Fiction, 1750-1830". Women's Writing 23(1) 9-32. Percy, Carol. 2015. "Political Perspectives on Linguistic Innovation in Independent America Learning from the Libraries of Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826)", in Transatlantic Perspectives on Late Modern English, ed. Marina Dossena, pp. 37-53. Amsterdam John Benjamins. Percy, Carol. 2013. "J. Matlock's Young ladies guide to the knowledge of the English tongue (1715) Contextualising the First Grammar of English for Ladies." Transactions of the Philological Society 111.2 223-241. Percy, Carol. 2012. "The King's Speech Metalanguage of Nation, Man and Class in Anecdotes about George III." English Language and Linguistics 16.2 281-299. Percy, Carol. 2012. "Early Advertising and Newspapers as Sources of Sociolinguistic Investigation". in The Handbook of Historical Sociolinguistics, ed. J. M. Hernández-Campoy J. C. Conde-Silvestre, pp. 191-210. Oxford Wiley-Blackwell, Percy, Carol. 2008. "Mid-Century Grammars and Their Reception in the Monthly Review and teh Critical Review", in Grammars, Grammarians and Grammar-Writing in Eighteenth-Century England. ed. by Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade, pp. 125-44. Berlin Mouton de Gruyter. Percy, Carol 2002. "The Social Symbolism of Contractions and Colloquialisms in Contemporary Accounts of Dr. Samuel Johnson Bozzy, Piozzi, and the Authority of lntimacy". HSL/SHL 2. Percy, Carol. 1997. "Earlier Editorial Practice vs. Later Linguistic Precept Some Eighteenth-Century Illustrations". English Langauge Notes 34(3) 23-39. Percy, C. E. et al. (eds.)1996.Synchronic Corpus Linguistics Papers from the Sixteenth International Conference on English Language Research on Computerized Corpora. Rodopi. Percy, Carol. 1996. "Eighteenth-Century Normative Grammar in Practice The Case of Captain Cook". English Historical Linguistics 1994, ed. Derek Britton, pp. 339-62. Amsterdam John Benjamins. Percy, Carol. 1995. "Grammatical Lapses in Dr John Hawkesworth's Voyages (1773)". Leeds Studies in English 26 145-68. Percy, Carol. 1994. "Paradigms for Their Sex? Women's Grammars in Late Eighteenth-Century England". Histoire Epistemologie Langage 16 121-41. Percy, Carol. 1992. "The Verb Shoalden in Captain James Cook's Endeavour Journal, 1768-1771". Notes and Queries 237 (n.s.39) 68-70. Percy, Carol. 1991. "Variation between -(e)th and -(e)s Spellings of the Third Person Singular Present Indicative". Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 92 351-58. Perek, Florent. 2018. "Recent Change in the Productivity and Schematicity of the Way Construction A Distributional Semantic Analysis". Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 14(1) 65–97 Pérez, José Ramón Varela. 2013. "Operator and Negative Contraction in Spoken British English A Change in Progress", in The Verb Phrase in English Investigating Recent Language Change with Corpora, ed. Bas Arts, Joanne Close, Geoffrey Leech Sean Wallis, pp. 256-285. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. Pérez-Guerra, Javier. 2005. "Discourse on a Par with Syntax, or the Effects of the Linguistic Organisation of Letters on the Diachronic Characterisation of the Text type", in Opening Windows on Texts and Discourses of the Past, ed. Janne Skaffari, Matti Peikola, Ruth Carroll, Risto Hiltunen Brita Wårvik, pp. 215-235. Amsterdam John Benjamins. Person, R. F. Jr. 2009. "'Oh' in Shakespeare a conversation analytic approach". Journal of Historical Pragmatics 10(1) 84–107. Pertejo, Paloma Núñez. 2007. "Aspects of the Use of the Progressive in the Eighteenth Century." In 'Of Varying Language and Opposing Creed' New Insights into Late Modern English. Ed. Pérez-Guerra, Javier, Dolores González-Álvarez, Jorge L. Bueno-Alonso and Esperanza Rama-Martínez. Berlin Peter Lang. pp. 359-382.
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OpenCVで遊ぶ Visual C++ 2005 Express Edition使用 開発準備プラットフォームSDKのインストール(ファイル名 PSDK-x86.exe) OpenCVのインストール(ファイル名 OpenCV_1.0.exe) 準備完了のテスト 速度計測cvCreateImage/cvReleaseImageの速度 LockBits/UnlockBitsの速度 Create-LockBits-UnlockBits-Releaseの速度 本命!Bitmapで渡し、内部でOpenCVを使うときのオーバーヘッド (おまけ)System Drawing Bitmapの生成の速度 ラプラシアンフィルタの速度 ガウシアンフィルタの速度 メディアンフィルタの速度 cvConvertScaleAbsの速度 小技時間計測 マネージコードといっしょに使う 開発準備 プラットフォームSDKのインストール(ファイル名 PSDK-x86.exe) Microsoftからダウンロードできますので、適当に探してインストールします。途中で何か聞いてきても、すべてデフォでOKです。 インストールが完了したら、Visual C++ 2005 Express Editionを設定します。 1.[ツール]→[オプション]ダイアログを開き、左側のツリーから[プロジェクトおよびソリューション]→[VC++ディレクトリ]を選び、[ディレクトリを表示するプロジェクト]から[インクルードファイル]を選択し、下記を追加する。 C \Program Files\Microsoft Platform SDK\Include 2.[ディレクトリを表示するプロジェクト]から[ライブラリファイル]を選択し、下記を追加する。 C \Program Files\Microsoft Platform SDK\Lib 3.[ディレクトリを表示するプロジェクト]から[実行可能ファイル]を選択し、下記を追加する。 C \Program Files\Microsoft Platform SDK\Bin OpenCVのインストール(ファイル名 OpenCV_1.0.exe) SourceForgeからダウンロードできますので、適当に探してインストールします。やっぱり、すべてデフォでOKです。 1.[ツール]→[オプション]ダイアログを開き、左側のツリーから[プロジェクトおよびソリューション]→[VC++ディレクトリ]を選び、[ディレクトリを表示するプロジェクト]から[インクルードファイル]を選択し、下記を追加する。 C \Program Files\OpenCV\cv\include C \Program Files\OpenCV\cvaux\include C \Program Files\OpenCV\cxcore\include C \Program Files\OpenCV\otherlibs\highgui 2.[ディレクトリを表示するプロジェクト]から[ライブラリファイル]を選択し、下記を追加する。 C \Program Files\OpenCV\lib 準備完了のテスト 1.[ファイル]→[新規作成]→[プロジェクト]ダイアログを開き、Win32コンソールアプリケーションを選択する。Win32アプリケーションウィザードが起動するので、[次へ]を選び、[空のプロジェクト]にチェックを入れる。 2.[alt+F7]でプロジェクトプロパティダイアログを開き、[構成プロパティ]→[リンカ]→[入力]で、[追加の依存ファイル]に、"highgui.lib"を追加する。 3.[ソリューションエクスプローラ]の[ソースファイル]で右クリックし、[追加]→[新しい項目]を選択する。[カテゴリ]="コード"、[テンプレート]="C++ファイル"を選択し、[ファイル名]のところに適当なファイル名を入れ、下のコードをコピペする。 #include "highgui.h" int main(int, char) { char windowName[] = "OpenCV"; cvNamedWindow(windowName, CV_WINDOW_AUTOSIZE); for (;;) { int key = cvWaitKey(-1); if (key== q ) break; } cvDestroyWindow(windowName); return 0; } 4.[F5]で実行する。黒いウィンドウと、灰色のウィンドウが出ればOK。 q キーで終了する。 速度計測 テストで使用しているのは、WindowsXPで、Pentium4-3GHz(HT)のマシンです。 まずは、こんなコードで関数呼び出し時の時間を計測してみました。 #pragma unmanaged #include "cv.h" #pragma managed using namespace System; using namespace System Drawing; void test(void) { ; } int main(array System String ^ ^args) { const int loopCoint = 1000000; Diagnostics Stopwatch sw; Threading Thread Sleep(5000); Console WriteLine("start"); sw.Start(); for( int i = 0 ; i loopCoint ; i ++ ) { test(); } sw.Stop(); Console WriteLine(sw.ElapsedMilliseconds + "ms"); Console ReadLine(); return 0; } 結果は1000000回ループで9msと表示されたので、約9nsということになります。 これからのテストは、Test関数をいろいろと変えてみます。速度によっては、loopCount変数も変更します。また、表示部分を Console WriteLine(Convert ToDouble(sw.ElapsedMilliseconds)/loopCount + "ms"); に書き換えました。 cvCreateImage/cvReleaseImageの速度 void test(void) { IplImage* ipl = cvCreateImage(cvSize(640,480), IPL_DEPTH_8U, 1); cvReleaseImage( ipl); } 結果は、5回実行して0.29~0.31msでした。約0.3msといったところでしょうか。 LockBits/UnlockBitsの速度 // 呼び出し元のBitmapもFormat8bppIndexedです。 void test(Bitmap^ bmp) { BitmapData^ bmpData = bmp- LockBits( Rectangle(0,0,bmp- Width,bmp- Height), ImageLockMode ReadWrite, PixelFormat Format8bppIndexed); ; bmp- UnlockBits(bmpData); } 結果は、5回実行して0.0031~0.0037msでした。無視できる時間ですね。 Create-LockBits-UnlockBits-Releaseの速度 // 呼び出し元のBitmapもFormat8bppIndexedです。 void test(Bitmap^ bmp) { IplImage* ipl = cvCreateImage( cvSize(bmp- Width,bmp- Height), IPL_DEPTH_8U, 1); BitmapData^ bmpData = bmp- LockBits( Rectangle(0,0,bmp- Width,bmp- Height), ImageLockMode ReadWrite, PixelFormat Format8bppIndexed); ; bmp- UnlockBits(bmpData); cvReleaseImage( ipl); } 結果は、5回実行して0.29~0.33msでした。まあ、予想通り約0.3msですね。 本命!Bitmapで渡し、内部でOpenCVを使うときのオーバーヘッド // 呼び出し元のBitmapもFormat8bppIndexedです。 Bitmap^ test(Bitmap^ bmp) { // 引数チェック if (bmp==nullptr) return nullptr; if (bmp- PixelFormat!=PixelFormat Format8bppIndexed) return nullptr; IplImage* ipl = cvCreateImage( cvSize(bmp- Width,bmp- Height), IPL_DEPTH_8U, 1); BitmapData^ bmpData = bmp- LockBits( Rectangle(0,0,bmp- Width,bmp- Height), ImageLockMode ReadWrite, PixelFormat Format8bppIndexed); // if (bmpData- Stride != ipl- widthStep) // ラインごとのコピー処理 // BitmapからIplImageへコピー memcpy_s(ipl- imageData, ipl- widthStep * ipl- height, bmpData- Scan0.ToPointer(), bmpData- Stride * bmpData- Height); // // ここでOpenCVを使う // // IplImageからBitmapへコピー memcpy_s(bmpData- Scan0.ToPointer(),bmpData- Stride * bmpData- Height, ipl- imageData, ipl- widthStep * ipl- height); bmp- UnlockBits(bmpData); cvReleaseImage( ipl); return bmp; } 結果は、5回実行して0.87~0.90msでした。約0.9msといったところでしょうか。 (おまけ)System Drawing Bitmapの生成の速度 void test(void) { Bitmap^ bmp2 = gcnew Bitmap(640, 480, Imaging PixelFormat Format8bppIndexed); } 結果は、約0.6msでした。 ラプラシアンフィルタの速度 OpenCVのcvLaplaceで用いられているオペレータを、ソースから拾い出してみました。 3×3 -1 -1 -1 -1 8 -1 -1 -1 -1 5×5 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -2 -2 -1 -1 -2 32 -2 -1 -1 -2 -2 -2 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 7×7 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -1 -1 -2 -3 -3 -3 -2 -1 -1 -2 -3 80 -3 -2 -1 -1 -2 -3 -3 -3 -2 -1 -1 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 例によって、速度を計測してみます。計測環境は、P4-3GHz(HT)+1GB+WinXPです。実際の使用状態に近いように、640×480:8ビットグレースケールで、cvConvertScaleAbsを入れています。10回実行の平均時間です。 3×3の時、19.9ms 5×5の時、30.2ms 7×7の時、75.9ms cvConvertScaleAbs単独は4.3msです。………かなり遅めですね。いろいろなフォーマットに対応しているせいもあるのでしょうけど。 スミマセヌ。計測ミスです。コンソールアプリとしてテストプログラムを作成し、再計測しました。 計測環境は、P4-3GHz(HT)+1GB+WinXPで、640×480:8ビットグレースケールです。 3×3の時、2.723ms 5×5の時、4.046ms 7×7の時、13.581ms 関係各位の方々、ご迷惑をおかけしましたm(_ _)m #pragma unmanaged #include "cv.h" #pragma managed using namespace System; using namespace System Drawing; int main(array System String ^ ^args) { const int loopCount = 1000; IplImage* ipl8U = cvCreateImage(cvSize(640,480), IPL_DEPTH_8U, 1); IplImage* ipl16S = cvCreateImage(cvSize(640,480), IPL_DEPTH_16S, 1); Diagnostics Stopwatch sw; Threading Thread Sleep(5000); Console WriteLine("start"); sw.Start(); for( int i = 0 ; i loopCount ; i ++ ) { cvLaplace(ipl8U, ipl16S, 7); // 3 or 5 or 7 } sw.Stop(); Console WriteLine(static_cast double (sw.ElapsedMilliseconds) / static_cast double (loopCount) + "ms"); cvReleaseImage( ipl8U); cvReleaseImage( ipl16S); Console ReadLine(); return 0; } ガウシアンフィルタの速度 一般的な画像処理ライブラリでは、3×3と5×5のみで、オペレータ固定が多いですが、OpenCVでは、σ(シグマ)を指定したり、オペレータのサイズからσ(シグマ)を決め、まじめに計算してオペレータを作っているようです。 σ = (n/2-1)*0.3 + 0.8 (n=オペレータのサイズ) 3×3のときは0.95、5×5のときは1.25となります。 計測環境は、P4-3GHz(HT)+1GB+WinXPです。640×480:8ビットグレースケールです。10回実行の平均時間です。 3×3の時、5.6ms 5×5の時、8.1ms 7×7の時、13.6ms スミマセヌ。計測ミスです。コンソールアプリとしてテストプログラムを作成し、再計測しました。 計測環境は、P4-3GHz(HT)+1GB+WinXPで、640×480:8ビットグレースケールです。 3×3の時、2.948ms 5×5の時、4.307ms 7×7の時、6.649ms 関係各位の方々、ご迷惑をおかけしましたm(_ _)m #pragma unmanaged #include "cv.h" #pragma managed using namespace System; using namespace System Drawing; int main(array System String ^ ^args) { const int loopCount = 1000; IplImage* ipl8U = cvCreateImage(cvSize(640,480), IPL_DEPTH_8U, 1); Diagnostics Stopwatch sw; Threading Thread Sleep(5000); Console WriteLine("start"); sw.Start(); for( int i = 0 ; i loopCount ; i ++ ) { cvSmooth(ipl8U, ipl8U, CV_GAUSSIAN , 7); // 3 or 5 or 7 } sw.Stop(); Console WriteLine(static_cast double (sw.ElapsedMilliseconds) / static_cast double (loopCount) + "ms"); cvReleaseImage( ipl8U); Console ReadLine(); return 0; } メディアンフィルタの速度 計測環境は、P4-3GHz(HT)+1GB+WinXPです。640×480:8ビットグレースケールです。10回実行の平均時間です。 3×3の時、11.8ms 5×5の時、42.5ms 7×7の時、57.6ms スミマセヌ。計測ミスです。コンソールアプリとしてテストプログラムを作成し、再計測しました。 計測環境は、P4-3GHz(HT)+1GB+WinXPで、640×480:8ビットグレースケールです。 3×3の時、6.775ms 5×5の時、25.695ms 7×7の時、33.042ms 関係各位の方々、ご迷惑をおかけしましたm(_ _)m #pragma unmanaged #include "cv.h" #pragma managed using namespace System; using namespace System Drawing; int main(array System String ^ ^args) { const int loopCount = 1000; IplImage* ipl8U = cvCreateImage(cvSize(640,480), IPL_DEPTH_8U, 1); Diagnostics Stopwatch sw; Threading Thread Sleep(5000); Console WriteLine("start"); sw.Start(); for( int i = 0 ; i loopCount ; i ++ ) { cvSmooth(ipl8U, ipl8U, CV_MEDIAN , 7); // 3 or 5 or 7 } sw.Stop(); Console WriteLine(static_cast double (sw.ElapsedMilliseconds) / static_cast double (loopCount) + "ms"); cvReleaseImage( ipl8U); Console ReadLine(); return 0; } cvConvertScaleAbsの速度 エッジ抽出と一緒に使うことの多い、cvConvertScaleAbsの速度を計測して見ました。 結果は、2.189(0で埋めた)~4.099(ランダムで-500~500で埋めた)でした。内部で条件分岐が起こるようにすると、見事に遅くなりました。 計測環境は、P4-3GHz(HT)+1GB+WinXPで、640×480:8ビットグレースケールです。 #pragma unmanaged #include "cv.h" #pragma managed using namespace System; using namespace System Drawing; int main(array System String ^ ^args) { const int loopCount = 1000; IplImage* ipl8U = cvCreateImage(cvSize(640,480), IPL_DEPTH_8U, 1); IplImage* ipl16S = cvCreateImage(cvSize(640,480), IPL_DEPTH_16S, 1); Random^ rand = gcnew Random(); short* p16S = reinterpret_cast short* (ipl16S- imageData); for (int i = 0 ; i ipl16S- widthStep/2 * ipl16S- height ; i++ ) { *(p16S++) = Convert ToInt16(rand- Next(-500,500)); // !どちらか! // *(p16S++) = 0; // !どちらか! } Diagnostics Stopwatch sw; Threading Thread Sleep(5000); Console WriteLine("start"); sw.Start(); for( int i = 0 ; i loopCount ; i ++ ) { cvSmooth(ipl8U, ipl8U, CV_MEDIAN , 7); // 3 or 5 or 7 } sw.Stop(); Console WriteLine(static_cast double (sw.ElapsedMilliseconds) / static_cast double (loopCount) + "ms"); cvReleaseImage( ipl8U); cvReleaseImage( ipl16S); Console ReadLine(); return 0; } 小技 時間計測 大まかな処理時間の計測ができる。 int64 st = cvGetTickCount(); // 時間計測したい処理をここに書く sprintf_s("%f ms",(cvGetTickCount()-st)/cvGetTickFrequency()/1000.0); // 単位1/1000秒 マネージコードといっしょに使う プロジェクトプロパティの共通言語サポートを、純粋MSIL言語サポート(/clr pure)から、共通言語サポート(/clr)に変更する。 "cv.h"をインクルードすると、下記のワーニングが出たので、 1 c \program files\opencv\cxcore\include\cxtypes.h(212) warning C4793 __asm 関数 int cvRound(double) 用にネイティブ コードの生成が発生します 1 c \program files\opencv\cxcore\include\cxtypes.h(205) cvRound の宣言を確認してください。 以下のようにして回避した。 #pragma unmanaged #include "cv.h" #pragma managed
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【Tags Hachi Miku Q tQ】 Original Music title Qualia Romaji music title Qualia Music Lyrics written, Voice edition by ハチ(Hachi) Music arranged by ハチ(Hachi) Singer(s) 初音ミク (Hatsune Miku) Click here for the original Japanese Lyrics English Lyrics (translated by vgboy / vgperson): In a pure white world, there is nothing. No heavens, no dinner menus, no dogs, no horizon, no earth, no mothers, no shadows, no warmth. Nothing exists there. There is but one person there, a girl who is the exception. Qualia Where am I? I question no one, to no reply Looking around, it s a sad sight A world of nothing but white There are things I want to tell To somebody, hey, somebody Even if I look up, there s no sky Not even the ground I should be standing on If I hear no one, what good is a world like this? I feel wrong, and yet I breathe Breathtaking stars are made For only myself to notice When the white world is colored The spilling colors will go everywhere A paper plane the color of the sky Soap bubbles the color of the wind So I wonder, what color would suit me? Perhaps pink ribbons* Purple birds come Along with green swings A worn voice sounds out Giving yellow candy The now-colored world becomes caught up in its busyness Even so, I still feel so out of place... The color of my eyes could only be told by another But I m the only one I don t even know my own color "Hey..." The girl called out in a soft voice. Of course, there was no reply. There were wild, vivid colors, but no definite form could ever be seen. "Is this what you wanted?" The girl did not know. What is in this world, and what is not? The color she sees - is it truly the right color? For that matter, what is right, and what is mistaken? Tears rolled down the girl s cheek. "The reality was that I was just lonely." "I wanted someone beside me." In the mess of colors You were there are my side In your outstretched hand Was red, a red apple** "The color suits you, so..." "The color suits you, so..." "I ll give it to you!" Through bewildered thoughts and words I felt that I was loved So we keep walking on Within satisfactory colors Breathtaking stars are made I only know the world I see with you When the white world is colored The spilling colors will go everywhere "Hey..." "What?" "...It s nothing." [Translation note] If you want to get REALLY technical and keep the pattern, "the color of peach trees." But other than "pinku," I don t think there s any other way of saying pink in Japanese. Or "a red, red apple," but I figured the color was just so important that it being something red was more important than it being a red apple. Romaji lyrics (transliterated by vgboy / vgperson): Masshiro na sekai ni wa, nanimo arimasen. Sora mo, yuumeshi no kondate no, inu mo, suiheisen mo, daichi mo, okaasan mo, kage mo, nukumorisae mo. Nanimo ari wa shinai no desu. Tada hitori soko ni aru, onna no ko o nozoite wa. Qualia Watashi wa doko ni iru no? Daremo toi ni kotaenai Miwataseba kanashii hodo Shiroi dake no sekai de Tsutaetai koto ga aru no Dareka ni, hora dareka ni Miagete mo sora wa naku Tatsu beki jimen mo nai Dare no koe mo kikoenai konna sekai nan no tame Uso no you na watashi ga koko de iki o suru Nijimu hoshi o tsukuru no wa Watashi jishin dato kidzuku Shiro no sekai irodorou Koboshita iro wa dokomademo Sora-iro kami hikouki Kaze-iro shabondama Watashi ni mo niau kashira? Momoiro kamikazari Murasaki no tori ga kite Midori no buranko de Surikireta koe narasu Kiiro no ame ageru wa Irodorareta sekai wa nigiyaka ni mahishite iku Soredemo watashi no karada wa mada uso no you de Hitomi no iro o shiru ni wa Furerareru dareka ga iru no Koko wa watashi hitori kiri Watashi no iro ga wakaranai "Nee" Onna no ko wa chisaku yobikakemashita. Touzen henji wa arimasen. Aru no wa urusai kurai ni azayaka na iro-tachi to, kesshite isiki o uru koto wa nai zoukei mono. "Kore ga, nozonda mono?" Onna no ko wa wakarimasen. Kono sekai ni nani ga atte, nani ga nai no ka. Jibun ga miteiru kono iro wa hontou ni tadashii iro nano ka. Somosomo, nani ga tadashikute nani ga machigai nano ka. Onna no ko no hoho ni, namida ga nagaremashita. "Hontou wa tada sabashikatta" "Dareka ni soba ni ite hoshikatta" Iro no garakuta no naka Watashi no soba ni anata ga ita Sashidasareta sono te ni wa Akai akai ringo no mi "Kimi ni niau iro dakara Kimi ni niau iro dakara Kimi ni ageru yo" Madou omoi mo kotoba mo Itoshii to omoeta no nara Kitto aruite ikeru wa Michitarita iro no naka de Nijimu hoshi o tsukuru no wa Kimi to miru sekai dato shiru Shiro no sekai irodorou Koboshita iro wa dokomademo "Nee" "Nani?" "...Nandemonai"
https://w.atwiki.jp/idolish7tw/pages/1041.html
逢坂 壯五[七色 REALiZE] 稀有度 SHOUT BEAT MELODY SSR 3569 6466 3954 隊長技 隊伍的Beat值有100%機率大幅提高 魅力技能 倒是敞開了笑容 效果 LV.1 連擊判定每24次就有32%的機率使4秒內的BAD以上變更為Perfect LV.2 連擊判定每24次就有32%的機率使5秒內的BAD以上變更為Perfect LV.3 連擊判定每24次就有34%的機率使5秒內的BAD以上變更為Perfect LV.4 連擊判定每23次就有35%的機率使5秒內的BAD以上變更為Perfect [部分編集] 台詞 平穩地、堅強地唱出我們的歌吧。 取得方式 IDOLiSH7 Pick up服裝限定高級甄選開始!!、復刻!IDOLiSH7 Pick up服裝 3種限定高級甄選開始!!、3種復刻限定高級甄選開跑!!、4th Anniversary!!2種復刻限定高級甄選開跑!!、4th Anniversary!!附贈白金i7收集冊付費星石復刻限定高級甄選登場!、OVER/5Y MV歌曲服裝 復刻 限定高級甄選開始!!、壯五&樂Pick up高級甄選-Marie Mariage I 獲得物品 服裝
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HTML5 の canvas を練習するために作りました。 マウスでキャンバス上のボールを転がすアプリです。 使い方 キャンバス上を適当にクリックすると、赤いボールがクリックされた方向へ転がります。 ボールは徐々に減速し、最後には止まります。 使用している技術 html5 の canvas javascript 【バグ】 たまに、ボールが壁をすり抜けてしまう。 以下、ソースを掲載します。 bound.html !DOCTYPE html html lang = "ja" head meta charset = "UTF-8" title アニメーションサンプル /title style type = "text/css" !-- キャンバスの定義 -- #id_canvas { position absolute; top 0px; left 0px; z-index 1; } /style script src = "./utility.js" /script script type = "text/javascript" // -------------------------- // ---- コールバック関数 ---- // -------------------------- // マウスクリック時に呼ばれる関数 mouseClkEv = function mouseClickEvent( e_ ) { var rect = e_.target.getBoundingClientRect(); var mouseClickX = e_.clientX - rect.left; var mouseClickY = e_.clientY - rect.top; ball.dirTo( mouseClickX, mouseClickY ); ball.addVelocity( 10 ); } // マウスが動いた時に呼ばれる関数 mouseMoveEv = function mouseMoveEvent( e_ ) { canvas = document.getElementById("id_canvas"); context = canvas.getContext("2d"); var rect = e_.target.getBoundingClientRect(); var mouseMoveX = e_.clientX - rect.left ; var mouseMoveY = e_.clientY - rect.top ; textArea = document.getElementById("coodination"); textArea.innerHTML = "(" + mouseMoveX + ", " + mouseMoveY + ")"; } // キャンバスを再描画する関数 function redrawAll( _obstacles, _ball ) { canvas = document.getElementById("id_canvas"); context = canvas.getContext("2d"); context.clearRect( 0, 0, width + 10, height + 10 ); drawAll( _obstacles, _ball ); } function drawAll( _obstacles, _ball ) { drawObstacles( _obstacles ); drawBall( _ball ); } function drawWalls( _walls ) { canvas = document.getElementById("id_canvas"); context = canvas.getContext("2d"); context.beginPath(); context.strokeStyle = "rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5)"; for( i = 0; i _walls.length; i++ ) { context.moveTo( _walls[i].tailX_, _walls[i].tailY_ ); context.lineTo( _walls[i].headX_, _walls[i].headY_ ); } context.stroke(); } function drawObstacles( _obstacles ) { for( j = 0; j _obstacles.length; j++ ) { drawWalls( _obstacles[j] ); } } function drawBall( ball_ ) { canvas = document.getElementById("id_canvas"); context = canvas.getContext("2d"); context.beginPath(); context.strokeStyle = "rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.5)"; context.arc( ball_.curX_, ball_.curY_, 5, 0, 360 ); context.stroke(); } // ---------------------------- // ---- アニメーション関連 ---- // ---------------------------- // 0.1 秒毎に呼び出される関数 // 0.1 秒毎に ball 動かし, 衝突判定と再描画をします. // ball は 0.1 秒毎に少しずつ減速します. var delta = 0.1; function action() { ball.gensoku( delta ); // 減速 ball.moveTo( delta ); // 動かす collision( obstacles, ball, delta ); // 衝突判定 redrawAll( obstacles, ball ); // 再描画 } onload = function init() { drawAll( obstacles, ball ); // キャンバスへのマウスイベントの登録 canvas = document.getElementById("id_canvas"); context = canvas.getContext(); canvas.addEventListener( "click", mouseClkEv, false ); canvas.addEventListener( "mousemove", mouseMoveEv, false ); // 100 ミリ秒毎に, action() 関数が呼ばれるに, 関数を登録. setInterval( "action()", 1000 * delta ); } // インスタンスの定義 // 障害物の生成 var obstacles = new Array(0); // 外壁の生成 var width = 500; var height = 500; var field = new Array(4); field[0] = new Wall( 0, 0, 0, height ); field[1] = new Wall( 0, height, width, height ); field[2] = new Wall( width, height, width, 0 ); field[3] = new Wall( width, 0, 0, 0 ); obstacles.push( field ); // ボールの生成 // 初期位置は 250, 250 var ball = new Ball( 250, 250 ); /script /head body キャンバス↓ div id = "coodination" /div canvas id = "id_canvas" width = 1200 height = 1200 /canvas menu type = "toolbar" /body /html utility.js // 壁にボールが当たって跳ね返る処理を記述したコードです。 // HTML5 の機能とは関係ないのですが, 掲載いたします。 // ---------------------- // ---- 数学いろいろ ---- // ---------------------- function normalize( _x, _y ) { d = Math.sqrt( innerProduct( _x, _y, _x, _y ) ); var ret = new Array(2); ret[0] = _x / d; ret[1] = _y / d; return ret; } function computeNormalVector( _x, _y, _theta ) { var ret = new Array(2); ret[0] = Math.cos( _theta ) * _x + Math.sin( _theta ) * _y; ret[1] = - Math.sin( _theta ) * _x + Math.cos( _theta ) * _y; return normalize( ret[0], ret[1] ); } function innerProduct( _ux, _uy, _vx, _vy ) { return ( _ux * _vx ) + ( _uy * _vy ); } function computeRadian( _t ) { return _t * Math.PI / 180.0; } // ABC が左回りならば, 正となる符号付き面積. function signedArea( _ax, _ay, _bx, _by, _cx, _cy ) { temp1 = ( _bx - _ax ) * ( _cy - _ay ); temp2 = ( _cx - _ax ) * ( _by - _ay ); return temp1 - temp2; } function isIntersected( _ax, _ay, _bx, _by, _cx, _cy, _dx, _dy ) { abc = signedArea( _ax, _ay, _bx, _by, _cx, _cy ); abd = signedArea( _ax, _ay, _bx, _by, _dx, _dy ); cda = signedArea( _cx, _cy, _dx, _dy, _ax, _ay ); cdb = signedArea( _cx, _cy, _dx, _dy, _bx, _by ); temp1 = abc * abd; temp2 = cda * cdb; if( ( temp1 0.0 ) ( temp2 0.0 ) ) { return true; } else { return false; } } function intersection( _ax, _ay, _bx, _by, _cx, _cy, _dx, _dy ) { var n = new Array(2); var m = new Array(2); var a = new Array(2); var b = new Array(2); n = normalize( _ax - _bx, _ay - _by ); a[0] = _ax; a[1] = _ay; m = normalize( _cx - _dx, _cy - _dy ); b[0] = _cx; b[1] = _cy; beta = ( ( n[1] * ( a[0] - b[0] ) ) - ( n[0] * ( a[1] - b[1] ) ) ) / ( ( n[1] * m[0] ) - ( n[0] * m[1] ) ); var ret = new Array(2); ret[0] = ( m[0] * beta ) + b[0]; ret[1] = ( m[1] * beta ) + b[1]; return ret; } // ---------------- // ---- ボール ---- // ---------------- function Ball( _startX, _startY ) { this.curX_ = _startX; this.curY_ = _startY; this.preX_ = _startX; this.preY_ = _startY; this.dirX_ = 1; this.dirY_ = 0; this.velocity_ = 0.0; // 速度( pix/sec ) this.acceleration_ = -4; // 加速度( pix/sec^2 ) this.dirTo = function( _x, _y ) { var temp = new Array(2); temp = normalize( _x - this.curX_, _y - this.curY_ ); this.dirX_ = temp[0]; this.dirY_ = temp[1]; } this.moveTo = function( sec_ ) { this.preX_ = this.curX_; this.preY_ = this.curY_; this.curX_ += this.dirX_ * sec_ * this.velocity_; this.curY_ += this.dirY_ * sec_ * this.velocity_; } this.gensoku = function( sec_ ) { if( this.velocity_ 0 ) { this.velocity_ += sec_ * this.acceleration_; } } this.addVelocity = function( iV_ ) { this.velocity_ += iV_; } } // ------------ // ---- 壁 ---- // ------------ function Wall( _tailX, _tailY, _headX, _headY ) { this.tailX_ = _tailX; this.tailY_ = _tailY; this.headX_ = _headX; this.headY_ = _headY; this.collision = function( _ball ) { var normalVector = new computeNormalVector( this.headX_ - this.tailX_, this.headY_ - this.tailY_, computeRadian( 90.0 ) ); var tempVector = new Array(2); tempVector[0] = -_ball.dirX_; tempVector[1] = -_ball.dirY_; var a = innerProduct( normalVector[0], normalVector[1], tempVector[0], tempVector[1] ); _ball.dirX_ = ( 2.0 * a * normalVector[0] ) - tempVector[0]; _ball.dirY_ = ( 2.0 * a * normalVector[1] ) - tempVector[1]; } } function collision( _obstacles, _ball, _sec ) { for( j = 0; j _obstacles.length; j++ ) { for( i = 0; i _obstacles[j].length; i++ ) { temp = isIntersected( _ball.preX_, _ball.preY_, _ball.curX_, _ball.curY_, _obstacles[j][i].tailX_, _obstacles[j][i].tailY_, _obstacles[j][i].headX_, _obstacles[j][i].headY_ ); if( temp == true ) { _obstacles[j][i].collision( _ball ); var intCoord = new Array(2); intCoord = intersection( _ball.preX_,_ball.preY_, _ball.curX_,_ball.curY_, _obstacles[j][i].tailX_, _obstacles[j][i].tailY_, _obstacles[j][i].headX_, _obstacles[j][i].headY_ ); _ball.curX_ = intCoord[0]; _ball.curY_ = intCoord[1]; _ball.preX_ = intCoord[0]; _ball.preY_ = intCoord[1]; } } } } jsでオブジェクトとか初めて見たから新鮮… オブジェクト内のメソッドってこんな風に書くのか! -- たかぎ (2012-04-23 22 55 50) ありがとうございます!実は、僕も初めてオブジェクト使って書いてみました^^ -- 鈴木泰斗 (2012-04-26 22 41 04) 名前 コメント
https://w.atwiki.jp/touhoukashi/pages/4632.html
【登録タグ HANIPAGANDA L Stack アンロケイテッドヘル トータスドラゴン ~ 幸運と不運 暁Records 曲】 【注意】 現在、このページはJavaScriptの利用が一時制限されています。この表示状態ではトラック情報が正しく表示されません。 この問題は、以下のいずれかが原因となっています。 ページがAMP表示となっている ウィキ内検索からページを表示している これを解決するには、こちらをクリックし、ページを通常表示にしてください。 /** General styling **/ @font-face { font-family Noto Sans JP ; font-display swap; font-style normal; font-weight 350; src url(https //img.atwikiimg.com/www31.atwiki.jp/touhoukashi/attach/2972/10/NotoSansCJKjp-DemiLight.woff2) format( woff2 ), url(https //img.atwikiimg.com/www31.atwiki.jp/touhoukashi/attach/2972/9/NotoSansCJKjp-DemiLight.woff) format( woff ), url(https //img.atwikiimg.com/www31.atwiki.jp/touhoukashi/attach/2972/8/NotoSansCJKjp-DemiLight.ttf) format( truetype ); } @font-face { font-family Noto Sans JP ; font-display swap; font-style normal; font-weight bold; src url(https //img.atwikiimg.com/www31.atwiki.jp/touhoukashi/attach/2972/13/NotoSansCJKjp-Medium.woff2) format( woff2 ), url(https //img.atwikiimg.com/www31.atwiki.jp/touhoukashi/attach/2972/12/NotoSansCJKjp-Medium.woff) format( woff ), url(https //img.atwikiimg.com/www31.atwiki.jp/touhoukashi/attach/2972/11/NotoSansCJKjp-Medium.ttf) format( truetype ); } rt { font-family Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; } /** Main table styling **/ #trackinfo, #lyrics { font-family Noto Sans JP , sans-serif; font-weight 350; } .track_number { font-family Rockwell; font-weight bold; } .track_number after { content . ; } #track_args, .amp_text { display none; } #trackinfo { position relative; float right; margin 0 0 1em 1em; padding 0.3em; width 320px; border-collapse separate; border-radius 5px; border-spacing 0; background-color #F9F9F9; font-size 90%; line-height 1.4em; } #trackinfo th { white-space nowrap; } #trackinfo th, #trackinfo td { border none !important; } #trackinfo thead th { background-color #D8D8D8; box-shadow 0 -3px #F9F9F9 inset; padding 4px 2.5em 7px; white-space normal; font-size 120%; text-align center; } .trackrow { background-color #F0F0F0; box-shadow 0 2px #F9F9F9 inset, 0 -2px #F9F9F9 inset; } #trackinfo td ul { margin 0; padding 0; list-style none; } #trackinfo li { line-height 16px; } #trackinfo li nth-of-type(n+2) { margin-top 6px; } #trackinfo dl { margin 0; } #trackinfo dt { font-size small; font-weight bold; } #trackinfo dd { margin-left 1.2em; } #trackinfo dd + dt { margin-top .5em; } #trackinfo_help { position absolute; top 3px; right 8px; font-size 80%; } /** Media styling **/ #trackinfo .media th { background-color #D8D8D8; padding 4px 0; font-size 95%; text-align center; } .media td { padding 0 2px; } .media iframe nth-of-type(n+2) { margin-top 0.3em; } .youtube + .nicovideo, .youtube + .soundcloud, .nicovideo + .soundcloud { margin-top 0.75em; } .media_section { display flex; align-items center; text-align center; } .media_section before, .media_section after { display block; flex-grow 1; content ; height 1px; } .media_section before { margin-right 0.5em; background linear-gradient(-90deg, #888, transparent); } .media_section after { margin-left 0.5em; background linear-gradient(90deg, #888, transparent); } .media_notice { color firebrick; font-size 77.5%; } /** Around track styling **/ .next-track { float right; } /** Infomation styling **/ #trackinfo .info_header th { padding .3em .5em; background-color #D8D8D8; font-size 95%; } #trackinfo .infomation_show_btn_wrapper { float right; font-size 12px; user-select none; } #trackinfo .infomation_show_btn { cursor pointer; } #trackinfo .info_content td { padding 0 0 0 5px; height 0; transition .3s; } #trackinfo .info_content ul { padding 0; margin 0; max-height 0; list-style initial; transition .3s; } #trackinfo .info_content li { opacity 0; visibility hidden; margin 0 0 0 1.5em; transition .3s, opacity .2s; } #trackinfo .info_content.infomation_show td { padding 5px; height 100%; } #trackinfo .info_content.infomation_show ul { padding 5px 0; max-height 50em; } #trackinfo .info_content.infomation_show li { opacity 1; visibility visible; } #trackinfo .info_content.infomation_show li nth-of-type(n+2) { margin-top 10px; } /** Lyrics styling **/ #lyrics { font-size 1.06em; line-height 1.6em; } .not_in_card, .inaudible { display inline; position relative; } .not_in_card { border-bottom dashed 1px #D0D0D0; } .tooltip { display flex; visibility hidden; position absolute; top -42.5px; left 0; width 275px; min-height 20px; max-height 100px; padding 10px; border-radius 5px; background-color #555; align-items center; color #FFF; font-size 85%; line-height 20px; text-align center; white-space nowrap; opacity 0; transition 0.7s; -webkit-user-select none; -moz-user-select none; -ms-user-select none; user-select none; } .inaudible .tooltip { top -68.5px; } span hover + .tooltip { visibility visible; top -47.5px; opacity 0.8; transition 0.3s; } .inaudible span hover + .tooltip { top -73.5px; } .not_in_card span.hide { top -42.5px; opacity 0; transition 0.7s; } .inaudible .img { display inline-block; width 3.45em; height 1.25em; margin-right 4px; margin-bottom -3.5px; margin-left 4px; background-image url(https //img.atwikiimg.com/www31.atwiki.jp/touhoukashi/attach/2971/7/Inaudible.png); background-size contain; background-repeat no-repeat; } .not_in_card after, .inaudible .img after { content ; visibility hidden; position absolute; top -8.5px; left 42.5%; border-width 5px; border-style solid; border-color #555 transparent transparent transparent; opacity 0; transition 0.7s; } .not_in_card hover after, .inaudible .img hover after { content ; visibility visible; top -13.5px; left 42.5%; opacity 0.8; transition 0.3s; } .not_in_card after { top -2.5px; left 50%; } .not_in_card hover after { top -7.5px; left 50%; } .not_in_card.hide after { visibility hidden; top -2.5px; opacity 0; transition 0.7s; } /** For mobile device styling **/ .uk-overflow-container { display inline; } #trackinfo.mobile { display table; float none; width 100%; margin auto; margin-bottom 1em; } #trackinfo.mobile th { text-transform none; } #trackinfo.mobile tbody tr not(.media) th { text-align left; background-color unset; } #trackinfo.mobile td { white-space normal; } document.addEventListener( DOMContentLoaded , function() { use strict ; const headers = { title アルバム別曲名 , album アルバム , circle サークル , vocal Vocal , lyric Lyric , chorus Chorus , narrator Narration , rap Rap , voice Voice , whistle Whistle (口笛) , translate Translation (翻訳) , arrange Arrange , artist Artist , bass Bass , cajon Cajon (カホン) , drum Drum , guitar Guitar , keyboard Keyboard , mc MC , mix Mix , piano Piano , sax Sax , strings Strings , synthesizer Synthesizer , trumpet Trumpet , violin Violin , original 原曲 , image_song イメージ曲 }; const rPagename = /(?=^|.*
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The Economic consequences of the peace Chapter II-Europe before the War Before 1870 different parts of the small continent of Europe had specialized in their own products; but, taken as a whole, it was substantially self-subsistent. And its population was adjusted to this state of affairs. After 1870 there was developed on a large scale an unprecedented situation, and the economic condition of Europe became during the next fifty years unstable and peculiar. The pressure of population on food, which had already been balanced by the accessibility of supplies from America, became for the first time in recorded history definitely reversed. As numbers increased, food was actually easier to secure. Larger proportional returns from an increasing scale of production became true of agriculture as well as industry. With the growth of the European population there were more emigrants on the one hand to till the soil of the new countries, and, on the other, more workmen were available in Europe to prepare the industrial products and capital goods which were to maintain the emigrant populations in their new homes, and to build the railways and ships which were to make accessible to Europe food and raw products from distant sources. Up to about 1900 a unit of labor applied to industry yielded year by year a purchasing power over an increasing quantity of food. It is possible that about the year 1900 this process began to be reversed, and a diminishing yield of Nature to man s effort was beginning to reassert itself. But the tendency of cereals to rise in real cost was balanced by other improvements; and—one of many novelties—the resources of tropical Africa then for the first time came into large employ, and a great traffic in oil-seeds began to bring to the table of Europe in a new and cheaper form one of the essential foodstuffs of mankind. In this economic Eldorado, in this economic Utopia, as the earlier economists would have deemed it, most of us were brought up. That happy age lost sight of a view of the world which filled with deep-seated melancholy the founders of our Political Economy. Before the eighteenth century mankind entertained no false hopes. To lay the illusions which grew popular at that age s latter end, Malthus disclosed a Devil. For half a century all serious economical writings held that Devil in clear prospect. For the next half century he was chained up and out of sight. Now perhaps we have loosed him again. What an extraordinary episode in the economic progress of man that age was which came to an end in August, 1914! The greater part of the population, it is true, worked hard and lived at a low standard of comfort, yet were, to all appearances, reasonably contented with this lot. But escape was possible, for any man of capacity or character at all exceeding the average, into the middle and upper classes, for whom life offered, at a low cost and with the least trouble, conveniences, comforts, and amenities beyond the compass of the richest and most powerful monarchs of other ages. The inhabitant of London could order by telephone, sipping his morning tea in bed, the various products of the whole earth, in such quantity as he might see fit, and reasonably expect their early delivery upon his doorstep; he could at the same moment and by the same means adventure his wealth in the natural resources and new enterprises of any quarter of the world, and share, without exertion or even trouble, in their prospective fruits and advantages; or be could decide to couple the security of his fortunes with the good faith of the townspeople of any substantial municipality in any continent that fancy or information might recommend. He could secure forthwith, if he wished it, cheap and comfortable means of transit to any country or climate without passport or other formality, could despatch his servant to the neighboring office of a bank for such supply of the precious metals as might seem convenient, and could then proceed abroad to foreign quarters, without knowledge of their religion, language, or customs, bearing coined wealth upon his person, and would consider himself greatly aggrieved and much surprised at the least interference. But, most important of all, he regarded this state of affairs as normal, certain, and permanent, except in the direction of further improvement, and any deviation from it as aberrant, scandalous, and avoidable. The projects and politics of militarism and imperialism, of racial and cultural rivalries, of monopolies, restrictions, and exclusion, which were to play the serpent to this paradise, were little more than the amusements of his daily newspaper, and appeared to exercise almost no influence at all on the ordinary course of social and economic life, the internationalization of which was nearly complete in practice. It will assist us to appreciate the character and consequences of the Peace which we have imposed on our enemies, if I elucidate a little further some of the chief unstable elements already present when war broke out, in the economic life of Europe. I. Population In 1870 Germany had a population of about 40,000,000. By 1892 this figure had risen to 50,000,000, and by June 30, 1914, to about 68,000,000. In the years immediately preceding the war the annual increase was about 850,000, of whom an insignificant proportion emigrated.[1] This great increase was only rendered possible by a far-reaching transformation of the economic structure of the country. From being agricultural and mainly self-supporting, Germany transformed herself into a vast and complicated industrial machine, dependent for its working on the equipoise of many factors outside Germany as well as within. Only by operating this machine, continuously and at full blast, could she find occupation at home for her increasing population and the means of purchasing their subsistence from abroad. The German machine was like a top which to maintain its equilibrium must spin ever faster and faster. In the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which grew from about 40,000,000 in 1890 to at least 50,000,000 at the outbreak of war, the same tendency was present in a less degree, the annual excess of births over deaths being about half a million, out of which, however, there was an annual emigration of some quarter of a million persons. To understand the present situation, we must apprehend with vividness what an extraordinary center of population the development of the Germanic system had enabled Central Europe to become. Before the war the population of Germany and Austria-Hungary together not only substantially exceeded that of the United States, but was about equal to that of the whole of North America. In these numbers, situated within a compact territory, lay the military strength of the Central Powers. But these same numbers—for even the war has not appreciably diminished them[2]—if deprived of the means of life, remain a hardly less danger to European order. European Russia increased her population in a degree even greater than Germany—from less than 100,000,000 in 1890 to about 150,000,000 at the outbreak of war;[3] and in the year immediately preceding 1914 the excess of births over deaths in Russia as a whole was at the prodigious rate of two millions per annum. This inordinate growth in the population of Russia, which has not been widely noticed in England, has been nevertheless one of the most significant facts of recent years. The great events of history are often due to secular changes in the growth of population and other fundamental economic causes, which, escaping by their gradual character the notice of contemporary observers, are attributed to the follies of statesmen or the fanaticism of atheists. Thus the extraordinary occurrences of the past two years in Russia, that vast upheaval of Society, which has overturned what seemed most stable—religion, the basis of property, the ownership of land, as well as forms of government and the hierarchy of classes—may owe more to the deep influences of expanding numbers than to Lenin or to Nicholas; and the disruptive powers of excessive national fecundity may have played a greater part in bursting the bonds of convention than either the power of ideas or the errors of autocracy. II. Organization The delicate organization by which these peoples lived depended partly on factors internal to the system. The interference of frontiers and of tariffs was reduced to a minimum, and not far short of three hundred millions of people lived within the three Empires of Russia, Germany, and Austria-Hungary. The various currencies, which were all maintained on a stable basis in relation to gold and to one another, facilitated the easy flow of capital and of trade to an extent the full value of which we only realize now, when we are deprived of its advantages. Over this great area there was an almost absolute security of property and of person. These factors of order, security, and uniformity, which Europe had never before enjoyed over so wide and populous a territory or for so long a period, prepared the way for the organization of that vast mechanism of transport, coal distribution, and foreign trade which made possible an industrial order of life in the dense urban centers of new population. This is too well known to require detailed substantiation with figures. But it may be illustrated by the figures for coal, which has been the key to the industrial growth of Central Europe hardly less than of England; the output of German coal grew from 30,000,000 tons in 1871 to 70,000,000 tons in 1890, 110,000,000 tons in 1900, and 190,000,000 tons in 1913. Round Germany as a central support the rest of the European economic system grouped itself, and on the prosperity and enterprise of Germany the prosperity of the rest of the Continent mainly depended. The increasing pace of Germany gave her neighbors an outlet for their products, in exchange for which the enterprise of the German merchant supplied them with their chief requirements at a low price. The statistics of the economic interdependence of Germany and her neighbors are overwhelming. Germany was the best customer of Russia, Norway, Holland, Belgium, Switzerland, Italy, and Austria-Hungary; she was the second best customer of Great Britain, Sweden, and Denmark; and the third best customer of France. She was the largest source of supply to Russia, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Holland, Switzerland, Italy, Austria-Hungary, Roumania, and Bulgaria; and the second largest source of supply to Great Britain, Belgium, and France. In our own case we sent more exports to Germany than to any other country in the world except India, and we bought more from her than from any other country in the world except the United States. There was no European country except those west of Germany which did not do more than a quarter of their total trade with her; and in the case of Russia, Austria-Hungary, and Holland the proportion was far greater. Germany not only furnished these countries with trade, but, in the case of some of them, supplied a great part of the capital needed for their own development. Of Germany s pre-war foreign investments, amounting in all to about $6,250,000,000, not far short of $2,500,000,000 was invested in Russia, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Roumania, and Turkey.[4] And by the system of "peaceful penetration" she gave these countries not only capital, but, what they needed hardly less, organization. The whole of Europe east of the Rhine thus fell into the German industrial orbit, and its economic life was adjusted accordingly. But these internal factors would not have been sufficient to enable the population to support itself without the co-operation of external factors also and of certain general dispositions common to the whole of Europe. Many of the circumstances already treated were true of Europe as a whole, and were not peculiar to the Central Empires. But all of what follows was common to the whole European system. III. The Psychology of Society Europe was so organized socially and economically as to secure the maximum accumulation of capital. While there was some continuous improvement in the daily conditions of life of the mass of the population, Society was so framed as to throw a great part of the increased income into the control of the class least likely to consume it. The new rich of the nineteenth century were not brought up to large expenditures, and preferred the power which investment gave them to the pleasures of immediate consumption. In fact, it was precisely the inequality of the distribution of wealth which made possible those vast accumulations of fixed wealth and of capital improvements which distinguished that age from all others. Herein lay, in fact, the main justification of the Capitalist System. If the rich had spent their new wealth on their own enjoyments, the world would long ago have found such a régime intolerable. But like bees they saved and accumulated, not less to the advantage of the whole community because they themselves held narrower ends in prospect. The immense accumulations of fixed capital which, to the great benefit of mankind, were built up during the half century before the war, could never have come about in a Society where wealth was divided equitably. The railways of the world, which that age built as a monument to posterity, were, not less than the Pyramids of Egypt, the work of labor which was not free to consume in immediate enjoyment the full equivalent of its efforts. Thus this remarkable system depended for its growth on a double bluff or deception. On the one hand the laboring classes accepted from ignorance or powerlessness, or were compelled, persuaded, or cajoled by custom, convention, authority, and the well-established order of Society into accepting, a situation in which they could call their own very little of the cake that they and Nature and the capitalists were co-operating to produce. And on the other hand the capitalist classes were allowed to call the best part of the cake theirs and were theoretically free to consume it, on the tacit underlying condition that they consumed very little of it in practice. The duty of "saving" became nine-tenths of virtue and the growth of the cake the object of true religion. There grew round the non-consumption of the cake all those instincts of puritanism which in other ages has withdrawn itself from the world and has neglected the arts of production as well as those of enjoyment. And so the cake increased; but to what end was not clearly contemplated. Individuals would be exhorted not so much to abstain as to defer, and to cultivate the pleasures of security and anticipation. Saving was for old age or for your children; but this was only in theory,—the virtue of the cake was that it was never to be consumed, neither by you nor by your children after you. In writing thus I do not necessarily disparage the practices of that generation. In the unconscious recesses of its being Society knew what it was about. The cake was really very small in proportion to the appetites of consumption, and no one, if it were shared all round, would be much the better off by the cutting of it. Society was working not for the small pleasures of to-day but for the future security and improvement of the race,—in fact for "progress." If only the cake were not cut but was allowed to grow in the geometrical proportion predicted by Malthus of population, but not less true of compound interest, perhaps a day might come when there would at last be enough to go round, and when posterity could enter into the enjoyment of our labors. In that day overwork, overcrowding, and underfeeding would have come to an end, and men, secure of the comforts and necessities of the body, could proceed to the nobler exercises of their faculties. One geometrical ratio might cancel another, and the nineteenth century was able to forget the fertility of the species in a contemplation of the dizzy virtues of compound interest. There were two pitfalls in this prospect lest, population till outstripping accumulation, our self-denials promote not happiness but numbers; and lest the cake be after all consumed, prematurely, in war, the consumer of all such hopes. But these thoughts lead too far from my present purpose. I seek only to point out that the principle of accumulation based on inequality was a vital part of the pre-war order of Society and of progress as we then understood it, and to emphasize that this principle depended on unstable psychological conditions, which it may be impossible to recreate. It was not natural for a population, of whom so few enjoyed the comforts of life, to accumulate so hugely. The war has disclosed the possibility of consumption to all and the vanity of abstinence to many. Thus the bluff is discovered; the laboring classes may be no longer willing to forego so largely, and the capitalist classes, no longer confident of the future, may seek to enjoy more fully their liberties of consumption so long as they last, and thus precipitate the hour of their confiscation. IV. The Relation of the Old World to the New The accumulative habits of Europe before the war were the necessary condition of the greatest of the external factors which maintained the European equipoise. Of the surplus capital goods accumulated by Europe a substantial part was exported abroad, where its investment made possible the development of the new resources of food, materials, and transport, and at the same time enabled the Old World to stake out a claim in the natural wealth and virgin potentialities of the New. This last factor came to be of the vastest importance. The Old World employed with an immense prudence the annual tribute it was thus entitled to draw. The benefit of cheap and abundant supplies resulting from the new developments which its surplus capital had made possible, was, it is true, enjoyed and not postponed. But the greater part of the money interest accruing on these foreign investments was reinvested and allowed to accumulate, as a reserve (it was then hoped) against the less happy day when the industrial labor of Europe could no longer purchase on such easy terms the produce of other continents, and when the due balance would be threatened between its historical civilizations and the multiplying races of other climates and environments. Thus the whole of the European races tended to benefit alike from the development of new resources whether they pursued their culture at home or adventured it abroad. Even before the war, however, the equilibrium thus established between old civilizations and new resources was being threatened. The prosperity of Europe was based on the facts that, owing to the large exportable surplus of foodstuffs in America, she was able to purchase food at a cheap rate measured in terms of the labor required to produce her own exports, and that, as a result of her previous investments of capital, she was entitled to a substantial amount annually without any payment in return at all. The second of these factors then seemed out of danger, but, as a result of the growth of population overseas, chiefly in the United States, the first was not so secure. When first the virgin soils of America came into bearing, the proportions of the population of those continents themselves, and consequently of their own local requirements, to those of Europe were very small. As lately as 1890 Europe had a population three times that of North and South America added together. But by 1914 the domestic requirements of the United States for wheat were approaching their production, and the date was evidently near when there would be an exportable surplus only in years of exceptionally favorable harvest. Indeed, the present domestic requirements of the United States are estimated at more than ninety per cent of the average yield of the five years 1909-1913.[5] At that time, however, the tendency towards stringency was showing itself, not so much in a lack of abundance as in a steady increase of real cost. That is to say, taking the world as a whole, there was no deficiency of wheat, but in order to call forth an adequate supply it was necessary to offer a higher real price. The most favorable factor in the situation was to be found in the extent to which Central and Western Europe was being fed from the exportable surplus of Russia and Roumania. In short, Europe s claim on the resources of the New World was becoming precarious; the law of diminishing returns was at last reasserting itself and was making it necessary year by year for Europe to offer a greater quantity of other commodities to obtain the same amount of bread; and Europe, therefore, could by no means afford the disorganization of any of her principal sources of supply. Much else might be said in an attempt to portray the economic peculiarities of the Europe of 1914. I have selected for emphasis the three or four greatest factors of instability,—the instability of an excessive population dependent for its livelihood on a complicated and artificial organization, the psychological instability of the laboring and capitalist classes, and the instability of Europe s claim, coupled with the completeness of her dependence, on the food supplies of the New World. The war had so shaken this system as to endanger the life of Europe altogether. A great part of the Continent was sick and dying; its population was greatly in excess of the numbers for which a livelihood was available; its organization was destroyed, its transport system ruptured, and its food supplies terribly impaired. It was the task of the Peace Conference to honor engagements and to satisfy justice; but not less to re-establish life and to heal wounds. These tasks were dictated as much by prudence as by the magnanimity which the wisdom of antiquity approved in victors. We will examine in the following chapters the actual character of the Peace. FOOTNOTES [1] In 1913 there were 25,843 emigrants from Germany, of whom 19,124 went to the United States. [2] The net decrease of the German population at the end of 1918 by decline of births and excess of deaths as compared with the beginning of 1914, is estimated at about 2,700,000. [3] Including Poland and Finland, but excluding Siberia, Central Asia, and the Caucasus. [4] Sums of money mentioned in this book in terms of dollars have been converted from pounds sterling at the rate of $5 to £1. [5] Even since 1914 the population of the United States has increased by seven or eight millions. As their annual consumption of wheat per head is not less than 6 bushels, the pre-war scale of production in the United States would only show a substantial surplus over present domestic requirements in about one year out of five. We have been saved for the moment by the great harvests of 1918 and 1919, which have been called forth by Mr. Hoover s guaranteed price. But the United States can hardly be expected to continue indefinitely to raise by a substantial figure the cost of living in its own country, in order to provide wheat for a Europe which cannot pay for it.
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Authoring Tools/SDK (Alien Swarm) http //developer.valvesoftware.com/wiki/Authoring_Tools/SDK_(Alien_Swarm) Availability できること The Alien Swarm Authoring Tools are freely available on Steam to all owners of the PC version of Alien Swarm. Alien Swarmオーサリングツールは無料です。 Downloading and installation DLとインスコ To install the Alien Swarm Authoring Tools, either click here or インスコは ココ をクリックするか、 1.Restart Steam if it s currently running. スチムーを再起動 2.Open the Steam window. スチムーのウインドウを開く 3.Click on the LIBRARY tab and then the TOOLS tab. ツールズ ライブラリのタブをクリック 4.Double-click on the Alien Swarm - SDK entry. Alien Swarm - SDK entryをダブルクリック 5.The Alien Swarm SDK and Authoring Tools will download to your computer via Steam. Alien Swarm SDKとAuthoring Toolsは、Steamを通してコンピュータにダウンロードされる 6.Once it has been fully installed, you will be able to launch it in the same way you installed it (from the Tools tab). You can also create a desktop shortcut by right-clicking on the Alien Swarm Authoring Tools entry and clicking Create desktop shortcut from the context menu. 一旦完全にインストールされれば、インストールした方法と同じ方法で起動することができる。 Alien Swarm Authoring Toolsを右クリックして、"ショートカットを作成"をクリックすれば、デスクトップにショートカットを作成することもできる。 Note For the Authoring Tools to function correctly, it is important that your installation of Alien Swarm is fully up-to-date. You can make sure of this by running the game before launching the Alien Swarm Authoring Tools. Simply launching the game then quitting after you get to the main menu is sufficient. Authoring Toolsを正しく機能させるため、Alien Swarm のソフトウェアが最新であることは重要。Alien Swarm Authoring Toolsを起動する前にゲームを行うことによって、これを確認することができる。単にメインメニューを開くだけで十分。 What s included? The package includes このパッケージに含まれるツール Updated Hammer, the Source level editor Suite of command line compiling utilities, such as studiomdl and map compiling tools Updated Particle editor Updated Faceposer Example campaign Tutorial maps C++ source code to the Alien Swarm client and server dlls.
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Normalについて Normalは、2008年6月8日に、Byakko18,Spicy-Wolf,Providerによって設立されたチームです。 自分の守っている場所、敵の場所などをすばやく的確にマイクを使い報告でき、頭を使ったプレイのできるチームを目指しているガチーム(笑)です。 なお、現在メンバー募集はスカウトでしかしていません。